Scientific Issues Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: History

UKRAINIAN REVIVAL THROUGH SPIRITUALITY: THE VIEWS OF BISHOP HRYHORIY KHOMYSHYN

2025-08-12T15:49:23+03:00

The purpose of the article is to analyse the views of Bishop Hryhoriy Khomyshyn on the national revival and state-building of the Ukrainian people. To examine the criticism of social vices, such as “spiritual anarchy” and moral degradation, which, according to Bishop Khomyshyn, were the main obstacles to independence. To investigate critical assessments of nationalism, radicalism, and Muscophilia in the context of the political struggle for Ukrainian statehood. The research methodology is based on the principlesof historicism, systematicity, scientificity, as well as on the critical approach and general scientific and specialmethods of history and related sciences. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that an attempt was made to analyse the views emphasised by Bishop Hryhoriy Khomyshyn and the need for spiritual and cultural renewal of Ukrainians through Christian values and the leadership of the Catholic Church. Particular attention is paid to his reforms in the diocese of Stanislaviv, including the introduction of celibacy and the Gregorian calendar, as well as ideas for integration with Western European culture. Conclusions analysis Bishop Khomyshyn’s social and educational initiatives, such as the Skala organisation, are aimed at shaping the moral and spiritual foundation of Ukrainian society. The activities of Hryhoriy Khomyshyn are presented as an attempt to create a unique model of state-building based on morality, Christian values and cultural identity.

PUBLICISM OF ANATOL VAKHNIANYN: AT THE INTERSECTION OF CULTURE AND POLITICS

2025-08-12T15:51:48+03:00

The purpose of the article is to analyze the publicistic work of Anatol Vakhnianyn as an inte-gral component of the political and cultural discourse of the Ukrainian national revival in the second half ofthe 19th – early 20th century. The study focuses on the ideological foundations, genre-stylistic features, andkey thematic dominants of his texts. The methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach, combin- ing literary, cultural, and historical-political methods of analysis. The scientific novelty lies in interpreting Vakhnianyn’s publicism not only as an expression of civic engagement but also as a holistic tool for shaping modern Ukrainian identity under imperial dominance. Conclusions. Vakhnianyn’s publicistic work is pre- sented as a form of symbolic power that unites aesthetic, ethical, and national dimensions, functioning as acounter-narrative against colonial practices and fulfilling a mobilizing function. The author constructs theimage of the intelligentsia as a moral leader of the nation, and views culture as a key factor in spiritual identity and nation-building. His texts possess rhetorical, polemical, and emotionally ethical force that transforms thereader into a subject of historical responsibility.

POST-WAR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE UKRAINIAN SSR (1946–1965): ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF MODERN UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

2025-08-12T15:54:27+03:00

This article aims to examine the genesis and evolution of modern Ukrainian historiography concerning the development of post-war industry in the Ukrainian SSR during the period 1946–1965. The research methodology is grounded in the anthropologization of historical research, incorporating non-partisanship, scientism, culturology, and such principles of historical research as historicism, objectivity, systematicity, comprehensiveness, and continuity. The scientific novelty of the study lies in assessing the features of the modern domestic historiography emergence, particularly the emphasis placed by Ukrainian scholars on the constraining role of the bureaucrat- ic-administrative apparatus over industrial production, labour, and the socio-political engagement of workers.Historians of the 1990s and early 2000s argue that the policy of extreme statism prioritized state power andmilitary strength over the interests of workers and the value of human labor. Within the daily realities of theso-called “construction of communism,” and under the dominant influence of the military-industrial complex,a self-destructive economic system that systematically disregarded the human needs emerged.Conclusions. A key achievement of the first period of independent Ukrainian historiography was the understanding that the post-war twentieth century introduced significant structural distortions that have had alasting negative impact on the contemporary evolution of the independent Ukrainian state. Thus, the post-warindustrial restoration policy was grounded in the prioritization of heavy industry, which played a decisive rolein ensuring the growth of the military and economic strength of the USSR. Priority was given to restoring the operations of Union-level enterprises, whose output was deemed essential for the reconstruction of the Soviet Union’s leading industrial branches. The labour force for these industrial initiatives was supplied on the basis of the principle of universal labour duty, which was enforced through a combination of both coercive measures and limited social incentive.

THE IMPACT OF THE RESEARCH OF THE VOLYN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION OF THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE (1992-2014) ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXPOSITIONS OF THE RIVNE REGIONAL MUSEUM OF LOCAL LORE

2025-08-12T15:59:08+03:00

Modern Ukrainian museums are undoubtedly going through a stage of transformation andimprovement. In the context of comprehensive digitalization, museums are emerging as a multifunctionalsocio-cultural mechanism interested in partnership not only with scholars but also with members of the gen- eral public. Museums perform the functions of preservation, interpretation, and communication. However, few people think about the history of museum collections, and this is an integral part of the life of every museum.The purpose of the study: to investigate one of the stages of formation of archaeological museology in Ukraine, to outline the stages of filling the archaeological collection of the ROCM, as a result of the work ofthe Volyn Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1991-2014, to characterize some unique objects of the ROCM archaeological collection in histor- ical retrospect. The objectives of the study are to outline the mechanisms of using archaeological knowledge in the practice of museum work, to show the specifics of expeditionary work, to present unique archaeologicalsites of the Rivne region to the general public, to show the path of an archaeological artifact from desk study toexposition in the museum space. The subject of this study is a number of regularities that cover the processesof accumulation and preservation of information, cognition, knowledge transfer and communication by thesubject through museum archaeological collections, exhibitions, museum attractions.

THE ENCYCLICAL “CASTI CONNUBII” AND THE INSTITUTE OF THE GREEK CATHOLIC FAMILY IN GALICIA (FIRST THIRD OF THE 20TH CENTURY)

2025-08-12T16:15:37+03:00

This article examines Pope Pius XI’s encyclical “Casti Connubii” (1930) in the context of the marriage and family policy of the Greek Catholic Church in Galicia during the first third of the twentieth century. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of this ecclesiastical document on the moral and ethical guidance of the Greek Catholic clergy and on the formation of marital culture among the Ukrainian population of Galicia. Particular attention is given to issues that were highly relevant to society at the time, including maritalfidelity, divorce, emigration, and the demographic crisis. The methodological foundation of the research isbased on interdisciplinary approaches that integrate historical, religious, socio-anthropological, and source- critical analyses. The scholarly novelty of the article lies in its attempt to reinterpret the “Casti Connubii”not only as a component of Catholic doctrine but also as a tool of social influence that mobilized the GreekCatholic clergy in the defense of the traditional Christian family. The conclusions highlight that the encyclical “Casti Connubii” represented the Catholic Church’s response to the moral and social challenges of the era.In the Galician context, it contributed to the consolidation of the clergy around the idea of family protection, served as a foundation for pastoral and educational activity, and reinforced the moral authority of the Greek Catholic Church in the face of new challenges.

URBANIZATION PROCESSES IN TERNOPIL REGION AS AN INDICATOR OF THE REGION’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (1950S)

2025-08-12T16:18:54+03:00

The aim of the study is a comprehensive analysis of urbanization processes in the Ternopil region during the 1950s as an indicator of the region’s economic development, focusing on the impact of indus- trialization, administrative changes, and demographic trends on the formation of the urban structure and the socio-economic potential of the region. Research Methodology. To comprehensively study urbanization pro- cesses in the Ternopil region in the 1950s, a combination of historical-statistical, demographic, and socio-eco- nomic analytical methods was applied. The core of the research was the analysis of archival documents,including materials from statistical offices, decisions of executive authorities, as well as data from all-Unionpopulation censuses. Statistical analysis made it possible to track the dynamics of urban population numbers,considering natural and mechanical growth as well as the influence of administrative-territorial changes on the urban demographic structure. Particular attention was given to examining the interrelation of urbaniza- tion processes with the region’s economic development through analysis of industrial growth, investments inthe construction sector, and the formation of social infrastructure. Quantitative data were supplemented by qualitative analysis, including interpretation of political and administrative decisions affecting urbanization trends. This comprehensive approach ensured an integrated understanding of urbanization processes as a significant indicator of the economic development of the Ternopil region. Scientific Novelty. The article pro-vides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between urban population growth rates and the region’s economic development in the context of administrative-territorial transformations and expansion of industrial infrastructure. The study investigates mechanisms of urban social infrastructure formation that emerged in response to the needs of labor collectives, particularly in the sugar industry, which were previously underex-plored in academic research. It identifies peculiarities of population and labor force statistical accounting that influenced official demographic and workforce dynamics, thereby expanding understanding of socio-economic processes in the region. Overall, the work supplements existing views on urbanization as a complex socio-eco- nomic phenomenon and proposes an approach to assessing regional development based on the interaction of demographic and economic factors. Conclusions. Urbanization processes in the Ternopil region during the 1950s were not only a demographic phenomenon but also an important indicator of the region’s economicdevelopment. The analysis showed that the growth of the urban population was closely linked to industrial development, especially the expansion of the sugar industry and the infrastructure of the regional center, Ter- nopil. Administrative-territorial changes, expansion of city boundaries, and annexation of rural settlementssignificantly influenced official population statistics and should be considered when evaluating urbanizationdynamics. Additionally, certain peculiarities of statistical accounting were revealed, including double count-ing of workers, which could affect the formation of official indicators. The growth of the urban populationstimulated the development of social infrastructure, creating favorable conditions for further economic growthand improving living standards in the region. At the same time, the pace of urbanization varied depending on the size of the cities and the degree of their economic activity.

COMMEMORATIONS OF UKRAINIAN CULTURAL FIGURES IN WESTERN UKRAINIAN LANDS FROM 1939 TO 1953

2025-08-12T16:21:48+03:00

Purpose. This article aims to reveal the features and methods of commemorating Ukrainian cultural figures in Western Ukrainian territories as part of Soviet memorial politics during Stalinism. Addition- ally, it uncovers the official narratives and images the communist regime attempted to disseminate among thepopulation through various commemorative practices. The methodology includes historical-genetic, histori- cal-typological, and historical-systemic methods, as well as historical source criticism and discourse analysis.Scientific novelty. Based on a wide range of archival materials and newspaper periodicals, research explainshow the Stalinist regime used and abused the memory of famous Ukrainian cultural figures to propagate the official ideology. The article contributes to a deeper understanding of Stalinist politics of memory in theannexed Ukrainian territories. Conclusions. The author examines Soviet practices of commemorating Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, Olha Kobylianska, Yuriy Fedkovych, Vasyl Stefanyk, and MarkoCheremshyna. It has been found that the revolutionary image of Shevchenko was propagated by the commu-nist authorities in Western Ukrainian lands through nationwide celebrations, while Franko's image served as the primary symbol of revolutionary struggle, holding both regional and national significance. The names of these two prominent Ukrainian figures were integrated into the toponymic landscape. However, the Soviet authorities did not construct the planned monuments to Shevchenko and Franko in Lviv. The commemorations of Olha Kobylianska and Yuriy Fedkovych held significant regional importance for Northern Bukovina, LesyaUkrainka – for Volyn, and Vasyl Stefanyk and Marko Cheremshyna – for Pokuttya. The authorities operatedsimilar commemorative measures, creating regional images of revolutionary writers and fighters for national and social liberation. Literary-memorial museums, a characteristic feature of Soviet memorial policy, played a significant role in shaping and disseminating these images.

FEATURES OF POLISH-GDAŃSK CUSTOMS AGREEMENTS IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD

2025-08-12T16:25:06+03:00

The aim of the article is to analyze the content, circumstances of conclusion, and impact of Polish-Gdańsk customs agreements in the interwar period on trade relations and political interaction between the Second Polish Republic and the Free City of Gdańsk. The research methodology is based on the prin-ciples of historicism and an interdisciplinary approach. The study employs methods of historical and sourceanalysis to examine official documents and treaties; a comparative method – to contrast customs agreements concluded in different years between Poland and the Free City of Gdańsk; as well as contextual analysis – to determine the influence of the international political situation on the content and nature of the agreements.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive analysis of Polish-Gdańsk customs agreements inthe context of international relations during the interwar period, with particular attention to the political and economic factors that influenced their conclusion and implementation. For the first time, based on a compar- ative analysis of the agreements, the evolution of the customs policy of the Second Polish Republic toward theFree City of Gdańsk is identified, and the legal peculiarities of the arrangements are examined in the context of the Treaty of Versailles and the activities of the League of Nations. Conclusions. The study revealed that customs agreements between the Second Polish Republic and the Free City of Gdańsk in the interwar period were a significant tool for regulating trade, economic, and political relations between the two parties. Theirconclusion occurred under complex international conditions and was often accompanied by diplomatic pres- sure from Poland. The agreements had not only economic but also distinctly political characteristics, drivenby Poland's aspiration to strengthen its control over the port of Gdańsk and secure favorable conditions for the transit of goods. The content of the agreements reflected the gradual evolution of Poland’s customs policy amid growing geopolitical tension. Overall, the Polish-Gdańsk customs agreements were not only a component oftrade policy but also an element of the struggle for strategic control in the Baltic Sea region. The study of this topic allows for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of the Second Polish Republic’s foreign economic policy and its impact on international relations during the interwar period.

GOVERNMENT PLANS FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF UKRAINIANS DEPORTED FROM POLAND TO THE UKRAINIAN SSR AND THE REALITIES OF THE TIME (1944–1946)

2025-08-12T16:28:36+03:00

The purpose of the study is to analyze the plans of the Ukrainian SSR government circlesregarding the placement of Ukrainians deported from Poland on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR and changesto these plans during 1944–1946; to investigate the reasons that prompted the Soviet leadership to place the majority of Zakerzonts in the central, eastern and southern regions. Research methodology. The article usesproblem-chronological, comparative and systemic methods. In particular, the problem-chronological method allows for a detailed analysis of government plans for the placement of deportees in chronological order of changes to these plans. The systemic method allows for the tracing of the motives that prompted the formationof a planned settlement of the majority of Lemkos and Kholmshchyks, Nadsyantsy and Podlaskies in steppeareas that were not typical for them, where there was neither free land nor decent housing. The comparativemethod is used to assess the results of the work of government officials in fulfilling the tasks set. The scientific novelty of the work lies in highlighting and systematizing the impact of government plans on the resettlement of deportees. It has been studied that within two years these plans were radically changed: the eastern vectorof resettlement was replaced by the western one. It has been found that the inconsistency of the plans withthe realities of life forced hundreds of thousands of deportees to carry out an unauthorized and prohibited bygovernment acts relocation from the southern, eastern and central regions of the Ukrainian SSR to six west- ern regions. Conclusions. Government plans to resettle 80 percent of deportees in the eastern, southern, and central regions proved to be completely unrealized. 95 percent of the Zakerzonians who ended up in the afore- mentioned regions left them during 1944–1946 and voluntarily moved to Western Ukraine.

“NON RECEVABILITÉ”: THE SUBCARPATHIAN RUTHENIAN QUESTION IN I. KURTYAK’S PETITIONS TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

2025-08-12T16:35:53+03:00

The article aims to explore the Subcarpathian Ruthenian question in Ivan Kurtyak’s petitions to the League of Nations. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, and a critical approach to heuristic sources, as well as general scientific and special methods. The scientific novelty lies in reflecting the Subcarpathian Ruthenian question in the petitions of Ivan Kurtyak, a Czechoslo- vak parliament deputy and head of the Autonomous Agrarian Union, to the League of Nations. Conclusions.I. Kurtyak sent three petitions to the League of Nations in 1924, 1928, and 1931. The main demand in Kur- tyak’s appeals to the international organization was the fulfillment of Czechoslovakia’s obligations, stipulated by the Treaty of Saint-Germain, regarding the granting of autonomy to Subcarpathian Rus’ within the Czecho- slovak Republic, and a request to the League of Nations for its intervention in the situation to obtain and ensure proper autonomous status for the Ruthenian population and resolve border issues. Kurtyak’s rhetoricin the petitions regarding Prague’s policy in Subcarpathian Rus’ was critical; he warned against the danger of irredentism, the radicalization of public sentiment, and the intensification of Bolshevik propaganda, and refuted the Czechoslovak theory about the economic and intellectual incapacity of the Ruthenians. He empha- sized to the League of Nations the population’s expectation of the promised autonomy. The deputy’s appeals to the League of Nations demonstrate a vision of Czechoslovakia’s policy and reforms regarding the regionand its population through the lens of the petitioner’s pro-Hungarian stance. Kurtyak believed that granting autonomy to Subcarpathian Rus’, as well as adhering to other international agreements concerning the region and its population, was the only way to resolve the complex situation in the region, improve the position of the Ruthenians, and restore stability. At the same time, under pressure from bureaucratic procedures and Czecho- slovak lobbying in the international arena, none of Kurtyak’s petitions were submitted for consideration by theLeague of Nations, as they were deemed “inadmissible”.

LONG-BLADED WEAPONS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANDS IN THE 8TH–14TH CENTURIES: IMPORT AND CULTURAL-TECHNOLOGICAL EXCHANGE

2025-08-12T16:39:19+03:00

The article explores the phenomenon of sword importation into the territory of Kyivan Rus dur- ing the 8th–11th centuries, as well as the subsequent trade and cultural exchange of military technologies in the 12th–14th centuries. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the dissemination routes of long-bladed weapons, their typological characteristics, and technological features of production. The introductory part of the article outlines the historical context of the emergence and spread of Carolingian swords as examples of Frankish weaponry of the early Middle Ages, highlighting the development of metallurgy and arms manu- facturing in the Frankish Empire, particularly in the Rhine region. The role of Eastern craftsmen, especially Syrian blacksmiths, in the refinement of European blade-processing technologies is emphasized, which led tothe emergence of high-quality weapons that were actively imported into the territory of present-day Ukraine.The aim of the study is to identify the specific features of cultural exchange in military technologies between Kyivan Rus, Western Europe, Scandinavia, Byzantium, and the Arab world. The objectives are to ana- lyze the cultural and technological aspects of weaponry, to reconstruct the routes of military-trade exchange, and to determine the role of Rus as a subject of international arms trafficking. The study concludes that Rusplayed an active role in the transfer of weapons technology both to the East (Volga Bulgaria, the Arab Cali-phate) and to the West (Scandinavia, Hungary, France), serving not only as an importer but also as an exporterof armaments, particularly bladed weapons.The conclusions highlight that long-bladed weaponry in Rus’ territory serves as evidence of a multi-vector cultural dialogue, in which military affairs acted as one of the key channels for the transmission of technologies, artistic practices, and craft traditions. In the 13th–14th centuries, under the new political con- ditions – the Mongol invasion, the formation of the Galicia-Volhynia Principality, and the incorporation of Ukrainian lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – the network of military-trade exchange underwent signif- icant transformations. The import of weapons from Europe and Asia continued, particularly through Poland,Hungary, Crimea, and the Caucasus, which influenced the evolution of local arms production. Thus, long-bladed weapons became not only military instruments but also material evidence of the extensive transcultural connections of the medieval period.

PAVLO SKOROPADSKY’S POLICY IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE AND EDUCATION

2025-08-12T16:43:09+03:00

The purpose of the study to analyze the policy of Pavlo Skoropadsky in the educational andcultural spheres, and to determine its impact on the development of education and culture during the periodof Pavlo Skoropadsky’s hetmanate. The research methods were determined by the nature of the subject and object of the research. The study and coverage of the issues of the topic was carried out according to the problem-chronological principle. Scientific conclusions are based on the analysis and generalization of a complex of sources and literature; the entire discourse of the problem is traced in close connection with changes in socio-political and economic living conditions in the period 1917–1921. Research methodology were determined by the nature of the subject and object of research. The study and coverage of the issues of the topic was carried out according to the problem-chronological principle. Scientific conclusions are based on the analysis and generalization of a complex of sources and literature; the entire discourse of the problemis traced in close connection with changes in socio-political and economic living conditions in the period 1917–1921. The scientific novelty The research consists in conceptual formulation and comprehensive study of Pavlo Skoropadsky’s policy in the educational and cultural spheres. Considerable historical infor-mation has been introduced into scientific circulation, drawn from published documents and periodicals, archival materials, as well as from scientific literature devoted to the issue of studying Pavlo Skoropadsky’s cultural policy. The obtained results of the scientific search are important for the theoretical generalizationof the study of the Ukrainian state, namely, educational and cultural policy in the state-building process.Conclusions. Pavlo Skoropadsky’s policy was aimed at the development of Ukrainian education, namely: primary, secondary, and higher, in particular the opening of universities, which in turn had a significantimpact on the development of national culture.

EVERYDAY LIFE OF BELGIANS USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE GLASS VILLAGE IN KOSTYANTYNIVKA (1897–1914)

2025-08-12T16:46:11+03:00

The aim of the article is to analyze the everyday life of Belgians who lived in a glass village on the territory of the modern city of Kostyantynivka (Donetsk region) in the period 1897–1914. The researchmethodology is based on a comprehensive approach and involves the use of such special historical methods as problem-chronological, historical-systemic. Scientific novelty. For the first time, an attempt was made to analyze the daily life of Belgians who lived in the glass village in the period 1897–1914. Among other things, the processes of urbanization of Kostyantynivka were revealed in more depth. Conclusions. In their everyday life, the Belgians relied on their own traditions and local conditions. This depended on their position, profession, family status, etc. Directors, engineers and responsible employees were isolated from the rest of the workers and lived in the most comfortable conditions. Skilled workers, such as, for example, glassblowers,lived in simpler conditions, but, having a significant material income, and, accordingly, a more comfortablelifestyle, stood out from the rest of the population.The enterprise administration provided corporate housing and assumed certain obligations regarding social infrastructure, such as a factory hospital, school, church, club, etc. It also provided proper sanitary conditions.

THE STATUS OF EDUCATORS IN PODILLIA DURING THE NEP YEARS (1921–1928)

2025-08-12T16:48:49+03:00

The aim of this article is to analyze, based on archival sources and historiographical achieve-ments, the material conditions of schoolteachers and university lecturers during the years of the New EconomicPolicy (NEP), as well as the implementation and outcomes of the colonial authorities' policy toward educators in the Podillia region. Research Methodology. To achieve the objective of the study, the following methods were employed: the historical-comparative method enabled the analysis of the political and socio-economic status of educators at various stages of NEP policy implementation; content analysis facilitated the formation of a qualitative sample of archival documents for analysis, verification, and interpretation; modified methods of cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis, borrowed from financial analysis, made it possible to assess the effectiveness of the colonial authorities’ policy toward educators. Scientific Novelty. This research is the firstto systematically examine the situation of educators in Podillia during the NEP period, trace the evolutionof their material conditions, reveal the Bolshevik authorities’ attitude toward the teaching staff, and analyzetheir actions aimed at forming a loyal corps of educators. Conclusions. In the course of building the Soviet education system in the region, all remnants of both the pre-revolutionary education system and the system of the national liberation struggle period were completely eradicated. Throughout the NEP period, the materialsituation of teachers and lecturers remained difficult despite salary increases from 1926 onward; in the early 1920s, it was catastrophic. Moreover, educators were involved in numerous public assignments, were regularly subjected to persecution by punitive bodies in search of ideologically hostile elements, and were subjected to repressive actions. Overall, this led to a chronic shortage of teaching staff, which negatively impacted the pace of transition to universal education for children aged 8–11. At the same time, the colonial authoritiessucceeded in forming a loyal corps of educators.

KHOMA MARTYUK (PSEUDONYM ALKID) – HEAD OF THE DUNAYEVETS SUPRA-DISTRICT LEADERSHIP OF THE OUN IN THE PODILLIA REGION

2025-08-12T16:51:40+03:00

This article aims to analyze the activities of Khoma Martyuk, known by the pseudonyms Okhrim and Alkid, as the head of the Dunayevets supra-district leadership of the Organization of Ukrainian National- ists (OUN). The study outlines the conditions and motivations behind Martyuk’s involvement in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) and traces his early steps within the nationalist underground. Special attention is givento the historical context in which the Dunayevets supra-district leadership of the OUN operated, as well as themethods of resistance employed against the Soviet regime. The article highlights Alkid’s personal role in this struggle, details the circumstances of his capture, and explores his fate following arrest and imprisonment.The significance of Khoma Martyuk’s figure in the historical memory of the national liberation movement in the Podillia region is emphasized. Research methodology: The study is based on the principles of histor- icism, scientific rigor, objectivity, and systematic analysis. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and specific historical approaches (historical-genetic and historical-systemic) were applied.Scientific novelty: For the first time, this study utilizes materials from the archival criminal case of Khoma Martyuk, which shed light on both his military career and lesser-known aspects of the activities of the OUN’sPodillia regional leadership. Conclusions: Khoma Petrovych Martyuk was a prominent representative of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, dedicating his life to the struggle for Ukraine’s independence. Anal- ysis of the circumstances surrounding his involvement shows that his choice was consistent with the values ofhis patriotic family. His brothers served in the "Galicia" division and later in the UPA. From 1943 to 1947, Khoma operated within the Chortkiv district leadership of the Podillia region of the OUN under the pseudonym Okhrim. In 1948, following the reorganization of the regional structure, he was transferred to the Dunaye- vets supra-district leadership and headed it under the pseudonym Alkid. His activities included developing anetwork of safe houses, gathering intelligence, distributing nationalist literature, and leading the OUN youth organization. On September 30, 1951, he was ambushed by the MGB. He endured a year of interrogations andtorture. Khoma Martyuk holds a respected place in the historical memory of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle.

UKRAINIAN-POLISH COOPERATION IN THE SPHERE OF SCIENCE AS A FACTOR OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES AT THE MODERN STAGE

2025-08-12T16:54:59+03:00

The purpose of the study is to explore the significance of scientific cooperation betweenUkraine and Poland in the context of European integration development. It seeks to examine the nature of how these bilateral relations have developed, as well as the circumstances under which they were establishedand continue to evolve today. The study also aims to highlight the link between the strengthening of scientificcollaboration between the two countries and Ukraine’s gradual integration into the European socio-politicaland cultural landscape. The research methodology is based on general scientific (analysis and synthesis, systematization, generalization) and specialized scientific approaches (historical-comparative and functionalanalysis), which make it possible to explore all the patterns underlying the development and future prospectsof Ukrainian-Polish relations within their historical context and under the influence of geopolitical challenges.The scientific novelty lies in highlighting the scientific cooperation between Ukraine and Poland through the prism of European integration challenges. Scientific progress is considered not only as an obvious researchprogress, but also as a tool for intensifying the European direction of development Ukraine, based on the expe- rience of Poland. Conclusions. The study reflects the trends, difficulties and achievements of Ukrainian-Polish scientific partnership, outlines key prospects and declares ways to improve it. The priority of the European vector of Ukraine's development is presented, and the place and role of Poland in it is clarified.

OVERCOMING CHILD HOMELESSNESS AND NEGLECT IN THE POST- REVOLUTIONARY VOLYN-ZHYTOMYR REGION IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1920S

2025-08-12T16:57:30+03:00

The purpose of the study is to reveal the forms and methods of combating child homelessnessand neglect in the first half of the 1920s in the Volyn-Zhytomyr region. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and multifactoriality. The study was carried out using general sci- entific and special historical methods, in particular, the typological method was used to analyze and describethe general features of the work of children’s institutions, the systemic method was applied to highlight thespecifics of the structure and functions of state and public institutions that fought against child homelessnessand neglect. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive analysis and coverage of the problem of child homelessness and neglect, the activities of state structures that dealt with the issues of overcoming this crisis social phenomenon, which was a kind of expression of social transformations of the post-war, post-rev-olutionary society of the Volyn-Zhytomyr region. Author first introduced into scientific circulation materials from periodicals of the region of the first half of the 1920s, namely the newspapers “Volyn proletarian”, “Soviet Volyn”, “Peasant poverty”, “Voice of Labor”, “Soviet way”. Conclusions. Thus, the Soviet author- ities set the problem of solving homeless and neglected childhood as one of the priorities. The authoritiesinitiated the creation of the “Friends of Children” society, which significantly strengthened the work of statebodies in overcoming shortcomings in the protection of childhood – as one of the guarantees of the state. Theauthorities gradually tried to find the optimal solution to the problem in the absence of proper material support and the fictitious work of individual structures. “Friends of Children” turned out to be an association that grewin numbers only on the initiative of Soviet leaders, in fact, most of the cells showed disinterest and passivity in work. Communication with children and their upbringing were complicated by serious illnesses among the contingent, primarily tuberculosis, and the involvement of children in criminal activity. In conditions of under- funding, the authorities were partially able to implement plans for self-sufficiency in the functioning of chil- dren’s institutions by creating children’s communes and closed towns. Volyn-Zhytomyr region became one of the basic regions for providing assistance to children who were evacuated from the Volga region, which was hit by famine. Children’s institutions became a convenient platform for ideological processing of disadvantagedchildren, whom the Soviet authorities considered as the future generation of their followers. Local authorities,at the request of the leadership of the Ukrainian SSR, managed to mostly take control of child homelessnessand neglect by the end of 1925, however, given the multifaceted nature of the problems, the search for ways tosolve them could not be solved by any order or directive.

COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE REPUBLIC OF TURKISH IN THE ENERGY SPHERE IN 1991–2021

2025-08-13T08:11:37+03:00

The purpose of the study is to analyze, based on source materials and scientific literature,the content and features of cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey in the energy sector in 1991–2021, outlining its prospects for the future. The research methodology is based on the use of a number of general scientific methods (monitoring, comparison, analysis, synthesis, visualization), as well as the appli- cation of special methods of historical research, among which it is worth mentioning the historical-typological and historical-systemic methods. The scientific novelty of the current study lies in the fact that in its process a comprehensive review of the issue of cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey in the energysector in 1991–2021 was conducted for the first time, which allowed identifying its features and importance for the main stakeholders. Conclusions. Although during the period 1991–2021 the governments of both states signed the “Memorandum of Understanding in the Field of Energy between the Ministry of Energy and CoalIndustry of Ukraine and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Turkey”, which con-tained a number of proposals for cooperation in the fields of renewable and nuclear energy, development ofdeposits and extraction of hydrocarbon resources, the impact of cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey in the energy sector in 1991–2021 on the domestic energy sector was minimal. In our opinion, the main reasons for this were poor logistics, the declarative basis of cooperation and critical underfinancing ofthis process. Thus, the main prospect of Ukraine, in the context of its cooperation with the Republic of Turkeyin 1991–2021, in the field of energy was to fulfill the role of an alternative supplier of Turkish energy resources.

A HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE OF THE ETHICAL ASPECTS OF AWARDS IN DIPLOMACY: MORAL VALUES VERSUS POLITICAL INTERESTS

2025-08-13T08:14:57+03:00

This article explores the ethical aspects of awards in diplomacy, particularly their interrelationwith moral values and political interests. The aim of the study is to analyze how diplomatic awards, on the one hand, serve as recognition of merit, and on the other hand, can become instruments of political influence.The author examines historical and contemporary examples of state awards to identify trends associated with ethics and diplomatic practice.The study is based on the analysis of international precedents, legal frameworks, and ethical codes reg-ulating the awards system in the diplomatic sphere. Special attention is given to issues of conflict of interest,the manipulative potential of awards, and their impact on the international image of states. The results of the study indicate that diplomatic awards often balance between symbolic recognition and political expediency. It is found that in certain cases, awards may raise ethical dilemmas, especially when bestowed upon representatives of authoritarian regimes or individuals whose actions contradict universal human values.The article offers recommendations for improving award criteria, including the introduction of addi- tional ethical filters and public accountability mechanisms. It also substantiates the need for international dialogue aimed at harmonizing approaches to diplomatic awards.This work is relevant for professionals in international relations, diplomacy, and political ethics, as ithighlights an important yet underexplored aspect of diplomatic practice. The findings may serve as a basis for further academic research and for the development of ethical standards in the field of state honors.

THE EVOLUTION OF UKRAINE-EU COOPERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MILITARY CONFLICT

2025-08-13T08:17:33+03:00

The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of Ukraine’s European inte- gration process as a strategic direction of its foreign and domestic policy, as well as to identify the factors that contributed to or hindered our country’s progress towards full membership in the European Union. An attempt is made to trace the historical evolution of Ukraine’s European integration course, focusing on the key politi- cal, legal, and institutional changes that have taken place in connection with this process. The research meth-odology is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, and systematicity. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical-genetic, historical-systemic) methods were used. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it offers a holistic view of Ukraine’s European integration not only as a political course, but as a systemic process of national self-affirmation, consolidationof society, and formation of a new political identity. The work substantiates the thesis that the full-scale armedaggression of the Russian Federation not only did not stop, but significantly accelerated and strengthenedUkraine’s European integration course, transforming it from a declarative goal into a practical strategy. Con- clusions. European integration has become an integral part of Ukraine’s national idea, a factor of political unity, and an instrument for defending sovereignty and security. Ukraine’s acquisition of EU candidate status in 2022 is not only a recognition of its progress but also a legal and political framework for further profound reforms. Thus, European integration is transforming into a realistic and irreversible goal, which is graduallybeing implemented through the joint efforts of the state authorities, civil society, and international partners.

BULLETINS OF THE UKRAINIAN PRESS BUREAU “WIADOMOŚCI UKRAIŃSKIE” IN WARSAW (1931–1932)

2025-08-13T08:31:27+03:00

This article examines the content, functions, and significance of the bulletins published by the Ukrainian Press Bureau “Wiadomości Ukraińskie” in Warsaw as valuable sources for the history of Ukrainianemigration in interwar Poland. The study aims to identify the information strategy employed by the Ukrainian political and intellectual elite under conditions of international tension, assess the role of the bulletins in shap-ing public opinion, mobilizing the Ukrainian diaspora, and countering the assimilation policies of the Polishstate. The research is based on a comprehensive methodological framework that includes various scholarly approaches and methods for studying the Bureau’s activities and its information-propaganda bulletins duringthe specified period. A historical-systemic approach allowed for the analysis of the Bureau’s operations withinthe broader context of the interwar era, taking into account political, social, and cultural factors. Content analysis was employed to identify key themes, narrative strategies, and techniques used to construct Ukraine’s image in the Western information space. A source-critical method enabled the evaluation of the bulletins as historical sources, focusing on their origin, authorship, target audience, and intended function. A structur- al-functional approach was applied to determine the Bureau’s role within the network of Ukrainian national institutions in exile, while narrative analysis was used to explore the discursive features of the bulletin texts.The scholarly novelty of the study lies in the in-depth examination of a little-studied source – the bulletins ofthe Ukrainian Press Bureau “Wiadomości Ukraińskie” in Warsaw – during the early 1930s. The article offers a systematic overview of the content, structure, subject matter, ideological orientation, and significance of these publications in constructing a positive international image of Ukraine. It outlines the specific functions of the Bureau as an element of Ukrainian émigré information policy and identifies the mechanisms through which it influenced European public discourse via the publication and distribution of analytical and journalistic mate- rials. Special attention is given to the bulletins as historical sources reflecting the positions of Ukrainian politi- cal émigrés on developments in the Ukrainian SSR, the Second Polish Republic, and international affairs more broadly. Conclusions. The study demonstrates that the Ukrainian Press Bureau “Wiadomości Ukraińskie”played a crucial role in shaping the international image of Ukraine and articulating the Ukrainian perspective to Western audiences during the interwar period. The bulletins exhibited a wide thematic scope, analytical depth, and a coherent political orientation. They consistently covered developments in the Ukrainian SSR, the situation of Ukrainians in the Second Polish Republic, Ukraine-related foreign policy issues, and the chal- lenges faced by the Ukrainian diaspora. These findings underscore the existence of a well-formulated informa- tion strategy aimed at defending national interests on the international stage. The Bureau functioned as a vitalcomponent of the political and cultural infrastructure of Ukrainian emigration and contributed significantlyto amplifying the Ukrainian voice in the European information space-despite the absence of statehood and challenging political conditions.

«...SOONER OR LATER, GALICIA WILL HAVE TO BE SOVIETIZED...»: STRATEGIC PLANS AND INSTRUMENTS OF SOVIET EXPANSIONISM AGAINST THE POLISH STATE IN THE TERRITORY OF EASTERN GALICIA (1919–1923)

2025-08-13T08:34:40+03:00

The aim of the article is to analyze the strategic plans and tactics for implementing Sovietexpansionism against the Polish state through intelligence, subversive, and propaganda activities in the terri-tory of Eastern Galicia in 1919–1923. In accordance with this objective, the study summarizes the conceptualfoundations of the foreign policy of Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine regarding Eastern Galicia – consid-ered one of the footholds for the future “march on Europe” and “world revolution” – as reflected in modernUkrainian historiography. The article incorporates previously unpublished documents from the quasi-state entity, the Galician Socialist Soviet Republic, preserved in the collections of the State Archives of the Ternopil Region. Particular attention is paid to Soviet propaganda narratives directed against both the Polish state andthe Ukrainian People’s Republic during the period of national liberation struggles in the early 1920s.The study reveals the main directions of subversive activities carried out by both the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia and special sabotage groups and intelligence structures of the USSR operating along the “Zbruch border” and in adjacent territories. The article also presents the response measures taken by the Polish state’s security forces against attempts to destabilize the socio-political situation in EasternGalicia on the eve of and following the formal international legal recognition of its inclusion into Polandon the basis of autonomy in 1923.The methodological foundation of the article includes historical, systemic, and functional principlesof scholarly inquiry, applied through a comprehensive combination of general scientific, interdisciplinary, and specialized historical research methods to address a complex scholarly problem.Scientific novelty: For the first time, based on a synthesis of contemporary Ukrainian historiographyand the use of previously unpublished archival materials, the article reveals the preconditions and evolution of the implementation of the Soviet expansionist foreign policy course against the newly established Polish Republic in the region of Eastern Galicia through the comprehensive use of intelligence, subversive, and pro- paganda means.Main results. While recognizing the significant contributions of modern Ukrainian scholars studying thewestern Ukrainian lands during the national liberation struggles and the establishment of control over Eastern Galicia and Western Volhynia by the reconstituted Polish state, the article emphasizes the lack of a comprehen- sive assessment of the destructive influence of Soviet Russia’s special services and party structures – as well as those of its de facto satellite, the Ukrainian SSR – specifically on the Eastern Galician territories. These wereviewed as an important platform for implementing the expansionist foreign policy of the Bolshevik leadershipafter the end of the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918–1919 and during the “liberation campaign against Poland” in 1920.Undoubtedly, local communist organizations, which later united into the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia (renamed in 1925 as the Communist Party of Western Ukraine), played an important role in thispolicy. However, the main instruments of both aggressive communist propaganda and active intelligence and provocative sabotage were the relevant Soviet special services and their agents. Despite significant financialinvestment and the involvement of a segment of the local population under the direction of Soviet supervi-sors, these efforts failed to achieve the strategic goals set by the Kremlin leadership. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that these actions led to a noticeable disorganization of the region’s socio-political life, in whichthe Second Polish Republic sought to assert its authority through repressive and punitive measures. This in no way allows for the assertion that Soviet intelligence, subversive, and propaganda activities in Eastern Galiciain 1919–1923 were in the interests of the majority Ukrainian population of the newly created Lviv, Stanislaviv,and Ternopil voivodeships of the Polish state.

CULTURAL LIFE OF THE YOUTH OF THE UKRAINIAN SSR IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1950–1980S IN THE VISION OF FOREIGN RESEARCHERS

2025-08-13T08:38:24+03:00

The purpose of the article is to clarify and evaluate the scientific achievements of modern for-eign historians on the problem of the cultural life of the youth of the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the1950–1980s.The main attention is focused on the key aspects of the socio-cultural life of youth, which became the objects of study for researchers, and the interpretations of their influence on the national identity of youngresidents of the Ukrainian SSR. The special interest of foreign historians in the study of the life of youth inthe Ukrainian SSR in the paradigm of local history is emphasized. The scientific novelty lies in deepening and generalizing knowledge about the scientific achievements of modern foreign historians, dedicated to theproblem of the cultural life of young men and women of the Ukrainian SSR during the period of the systemic crisis of the communist regime. The article clarifies the degree of informativeness of research on the cultural life of the youth of the Ukrainian SSR, and identifies common features of the achievements of foreign historians in the study of this problem. Conclusions. Ukraine’s acquisition of state independence in 1991, its return to the world intellectual and geopolitical space caused an increase in the interest of foreign researchers in its past, in particular the history of the 20th century. In general, in modern foreign (primarily English-speaking)historiography, the cultural life of the youth of the USSR has become a full-fledged object of scientific study.At the same time, the state of research on the cultural life of the young generations of the Ukrainian SSR inthe second half of the 1950–1980s remains fragmentary: foreign historians address this problem mainly in thecontext of regional studies, and also episodically when studying youth movements in the former communist empire as such. The greatest attention of foreign historians is focused on such topics as the intellectual (par-ty-ideological) life of students, the influence of Western music (in particular rock music), on the everyday lifeof young men and women, as well as numerous youth subcultures. The absence in historiography, primarily English-language, of comprehensive works devoted to the full diversity of the cultural life of the youth of the Ukrainian SSR leaves a wide scope for further research.

THE FORMATION OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN VOLYN PROVINCE IN THE SPRING OF 1917

2025-08-13T08:40:49+03:00

The purpose of the article is to analyze the formation of the Ukrainian national movement in the Volyn province in the spring of 1917 after the overthrow of the tsarist regime and to clarify its role and significance in the all-Ukrainian context. The research methodology is based on both general scientific(analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and special historical (historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the comprehensive study of the process of the formation ofthe Ukrainian national movement after February 1917 and the formation of political and public organizationsin the Volyn region. Conclusions. The Ukrainian national movement in Volyn played an important role in the all-Ukrainian context, ensuring an increase in the level of national consciousness of Ukrainians and creating the prerequisites for the further development of the state-building process.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES OF THE TEREBOVLIA FORTRESS FROM THE EARLY IRON AGE TO THE RUS’ ERA

2025-08-13T08:43:45+03:00

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the stages of development of the defensivearchitecture of the Terebovlya fortress from the Early Iron Age to the Rus period. On the basis of the results ofarchaeological excavations, written sources and historical and architectural research, the author character- ises the design features of fortifications such as ramparts, ditches, wooden fortifications and slope strength- ening techniques. Particular attention is paid to the adaptation of defence systems to the natural terrain, inparticular, the use of cape fortifications, escarpment and terracing of slopes, which allowed the most effectiveuse of the existing landscape for protection. The role of wood and earth structures, which, in combinationwith several lines of defence (four ramparts with ditches), allowed to effectively deter attacks, in particular of nomadic tribes that did not have siege equipment, is outlined. It is found that the fortifications were built takinginto account the enemy’s reach, in particular, the ramparts were located at a distance that corresponded to the targeting radius of archery at that time. The article also analyses the archaeological research conducted onthe territory of Terebovlia in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, in particular under the guidance of leading Ukrainian scholars. Particular attention is paid to the chronology of the formation of fortificationson Castle Hill, their reconstruction in the princely period, and the role of Prince Vasylko Terebovlianskyi. Theinfluence of socio-political factors on the development of defence construction, in particular the formation ofprincely power and the growth of threats from foreign attackers, is considered. The features of combat plat-forms, log walls, gurdjies and loopholes are determined. The author emphasises the insufficient use of flanking fire and stone structures, which indicates the evolutionary nature of the development of fortification art in theregion. As a result, it is proved that the Terebovlia fortress is a unique example of the transformation of defen-sive structures over several epochs, and its study is an important component of the history of fortification inUkraine and Europe as a whole.

POLICY OF THE GERMAN OCCUPATION AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF TARNOPOL IN THE SPHERE OF EDUCATION

2025-08-13T08:46:44+03:00

The aim of the article is to identify the features of the implementation of the educational policyof the Nazi occupation regime at the local level, in particular, an analysis of the functioning of educationalinstitutions, the content of curricula, personnel policy and ideological control under military occupation. The impact of the occupation regime on the accessibility of education for the local population, as well as forms of educational resistance and initiatives of the Ukrainian community to preserve national identity and cultural and educational traditions are considered. The methodological basis of the study is made up of general sci- entific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization), special historical methods (historical-genetic, histori- cal-comparative, problem-chronological), as well as the principles of historicism and objectivity. The sourcebasis is made up of documents from archival funds, materials from the periodical press of the occupation period, eyewitness memoirs, as well as modern historiography of the problem. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the focus on the regional (urban) dimension of the German occupation policy in the educational sphere, which makes it possible to specify and supplement the general ideas about the functioning of the edu-cation system in Western Ukrainian lands during the war. For the first time, based on archival documents, information has been systematized on the state of educational institutions in Tarnopol, the features of the edu- cational process, the level of censorship, prohibitions on the Ukrainian language and culture, as well as on the measures taken by the Ukrainian intelligentsia to preserve elements of national education. The conclusions state that the educational policy of the German administration in Tarnopol was repressive in nature, was sub- ordinated to the general goal - the formation of a submissive population, deprived of deeper knowledge and national consciousness. Despite this, the Ukrainian community tried to adapt to the new conditions, maintain the educational network at least at the initial level and implement educational initiatives in semi-legal or underground forms.