Scientific Issues Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: History

CONTROL OF «DIRECTORATE OF CUSTOMS IN LVIV» OVER EXPORT AND IMPORT OPERATIONS (1920S)

Mykoła BARMAK — 2025-03-10

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features and role of control functions of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» in the 1920s in relation to the regulation of export-import operations. To study the legal, economic and organizational aspects of customs control in the context of the political and economic situation of interwar Poland. Highlight the influence of customs control on the development of foreign economic activity, restriction of smuggling and support of national financial security. Research methodology. To achieve the goal of the research, the following methods were used: historical-comparative, which made it possible to trace the evolution of organizational structures and approaches – to the control of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» over export-import operations; archival and documentary was used for detailed study and analysis of sources related to the activities of customs authorities; statistical – provided a qualitative and quantitative analysis of export and import volumes, the level of customs duties, the structure of trade, etc.; system allowed to comprehensively consider the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» as an element of the general socio-economic and financial policy of Poland. Scientific novelty. In the study, for the first time, a systematic analysis of the functions and role of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» as an effective tool for controlling export-import operations in the conditions of post-war recovery and economic challenges of the 1920s was carried out. The specifics of export-import operations were studied, their features and trends were characterized, including the types of goods subject to control and the mechanisms used to regulate them. This made it possible to better understand the socio-economic situation in Poland, its influence on the development of the economy. Conclusions. The activities of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» in the 1920s played a key role in the regulation of export-import operations, providing not only control over compliance with customs rules, but also contributing to the economic development of the state. Customs control was necessary to maintain the stability of the economy in the difficult political conditions of the studied period. Control over export-import operations was subject not only to internal regulations, but also to external political factors, such as changes in international relations, new trade agreements, and changes in legislation that significantly influenced customs policy. In general, the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» demonstrated the ability to adapt to new economic realities by making changes to the procedures for controlling export-import transactions.

PUBLICISTICS OF BOHDAN KHAVARIVSKY (JULY 1975 – JANUARY 1991)

Halyna BUYAK — 2025-03-10

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to research and analyze the journalism of Bohdan Khavarivskyi in the specified period. The author sought to highlight the key themes, ideological directions and stylistic uniqueness of his publications, as well as to determine their influence on the social and political thought of the period under study. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach, which includes the following methods: historical-biographical, content analysis, comparative, hermeneutic. The application of the specified methods provided a comprehensive analysis of the investigated problem. The scientific innovation is as follows: for the first time, a systematized analysis of journalism by B. Khavarivskyi (July 1975 – January 1991) was carried out. The impact of contemporary social and political circumstances on the subject matter and content of publications is highlighted. Periodicals and archival sources have been put into scientific use, which make it possible to investigate the declared problems more deeply. Conclusions. B. Khavarivskyi made a significant contribution to the development of Ukrainian journalism of the time under study. The problem of content content is mostly focused on publications of an ideological nature. Among the main topics are anniversaries, such as the 50th anniversary of the formation of the USSR and the 40th anniversary of reunification with Soviet Ukraine, as well as the relocation of the Iskra newspaper, etc.

UKRAINIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OF THE MOSCOW PATRIARCHATE: FROM THE REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY TO THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR (2014–2022)

Nadiia VOLIK — 2025-03-10

Abstract. Ukrainian churches have long played a unifying and state-building role. However, today the religious factor is often used as a destabilizing element within the state. The article highlights and analyzes the main stages of strategic initiatives of the leaders of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP) from 2014 (the Revolution of Dignity) to 2022 (the beginning of a full-scale Russian invasion). The article also examines the activities of the clergy and religious communities of the UOC-MP during this period. The study aims to explore the impact of the UOC-MP's actions on Ukrainian society, particularly their role in shaping political and social discourse amid the ongoing crisis. It also investigates how the relationship between the UOC-MP and state authorities evolved during the examined period, considering the broader context of geopolitical tensions and internal societal divisions. The conclusions highlight that while the UOC-MP has historically served as a spiritual and cultural institution for many Ukrainians, its association with Russian political and ideological narratives during critical moments of Ukraine's recent history has significantly undermined its role as a unifying force. Instead, its actions have often aligned with destabilizing efforts, leading to growing mistrust and calls for greater regulation of religious organizations perceived as influenced by foreign powers. This dynamic reflects the broader challenges of balancing religious freedom with national security in a time of war today.

POVERTY OF THE RURAL POPULATION OF TERNOPIL REGION (LATE 1980 – EARLY 1990)

Oleksandr VOLOSHCHUK — 2025-03-10

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to analyze the socio-economic situation of the rural population of the Ternopil region in the period of the late 1980s – early 1990s, to determine the main reasons and factors that contributed to the growth of poverty in the region. To investigate the impact of the agrarian crisis, the decline of collective farms and the initial stages of market reforms on the well-being of rural residents, as well as to trace changes in the social structure and standard of living of villagers during the specified period. Research methodology. The author used an interdisciplinary approach combining historical, economic and sociological methods of analysis. The main methods of research are the following: historical and genetic - to study the evolution of socio-economic processes in the rural areas of Ternopil region against the background of social changes in the USSR and Ukraine in the late 1980s - early 1990s; comparative analysis – to compare the economic indicators of different regions of Ukraine and determine the specifics of the development of rural areas of Ternopil region; statistical analysis for the purpose of processing and interpreting data on the level of income, employment and living conditions of the rural population; sociological – to study the opinions and attitudes of villagers through surveys, interviews and analysis of written testimonies of eyewitnesses of the events of that time; documentary – for the analysis of documentary materials, local decisions and the press, which reflect the state policy on rural areas and its consequences. Scientific novelty. An attempt was made to comprehensively analyze the socio-economic situation of the rural population of the Ternopil region in the late 1980s and early 1990s, which made it possible to reveal more deeply the peculiarities of regional poverty processes in the conditions of the transition from a planned economy to a market economy. The specific factors of poverty of the rural population of Ternopil Oblast have been determined, such as: decline of collective agriculture, lack of state support in the transition period. The documents of local authorities and statistical data were brought into scientific use, which made it possible to comprehensively and systematically analyze the declared problems. The impact of the agrarian crisis on the standard of living of the rural population was assessed, as well as the analysis of the specific consequences of economic reforms for the peasants in the conditions of worsening economic instability. Conclusions. The increase in poverty of the rural population of the Ternopil region in the late 1980s and early 1990s is caused by a combination of socio-economic and political factors. The main reasons for this phenomenon were the collapse of the collective economic system, the lack of investment in agriculture, and insufficient support from the state during the transition to a market economy. The agrarian crisis catalyzed economic decline in rural areas, which contributed to a significant reduction in employment in the agricultural sector. Collective farms could not provide a sufficient level of income for the peasants. Insufficient state support in the conditions of transformational processes intensified crisis phenomena in rural areas. Programs for reforming the agrarian sector did not take into account regional characteristics and the needs of the rural population, which contributed to social decline and increased economic inequality between the city and the countryside.

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE GREEK CATHOLIC CLERGY OF EASTERN GALICIA IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD

Yuliia HRABETS — 2025-03-10

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to analyze the main directions of the educational activities of the Greek Catholic Church in the context of the socio-economic, cultural and educational development of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia in the interwar period. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, and systematicity. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical-genetic, historical-systemic) methods were used. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive study and analysis of the stated topic and the introduction of archival materials into scientific circulation, which makes it possible to clarify the main directions of the educational activities of the Greek Catholic clergy of Eastern Galicia in the interwar period. Conclusions. The educational work of the Greek Catholic clergy in the economic, cultural, educational, and national spheres was the basis for preserving the original development of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia. The priests' attention to pressing social problems and cooperation with cooperatives, economic organizations, and societies («Silskyi Hospodar», «Vidrodzhennia», «Dnister», etc.) contributed to the region's recovery after the war and helped the faithful improve their financial situation. Thanks to the Church's initiative, the number of private educational institutions with the native language of instruction increased. The publication of religious press and the supply of parish libraries with quality literature, including on moral and religious topics, allowed the spread of national and religious values.

OFFICIAL VIOLATIONS BY CUSTOMS GUARDS EMPLOYEES «DIRECTORATE OF CUSTOMS IN LVIV» DISCIPLINARY REQUIREMENTS (1920S)

Serhii HUMENNYI — 2025-03-10

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to analyze official violations of disciplinary requirements by employees of the customs guard of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» in the 1920s in order to identify their nature, causes and consequences, as well as the peculiarities of the functioning of the customs service in the conditions of the specified period. This will help to understand the role of the human factor in the discipline of employees and the effectiveness of the functioning of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv». Research methodology. The historical-comparative method is used to analyze archival documents, legislative acts, reports, official memos and other materials related to the activities of the customs guard «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» in the specified period. It was used to compare the nature of violations by employees of the customs guard «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» with other inspectorates of the customs guard. Socio-economic analysis was used to study the impact of economic instability, social conditions and corruption on the behavior of customs officers. An interdisciplinary approach was used to combine historical, legal and sociological methods for a comprehensive study of the problem. Scientific novelty. For the first time, a systematic analysis of official violations by employees of the customs guard of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» regarding compliance with disciplinary requirements in the 1920s was carried out. Knowledge about the organization and functioning of the customs guard of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» was expanded from the point of view of the influence of socio-economic and political circumstances on professional ethics and employee discipline. The features of disciplinary violations, including typical actions, as well as their motivation, are revealed. Conclusions. In the 1920s, violations of disciplinary requirements by employees of the customs guard «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» were a typical phenomenon. They were both individual and systemic in nature, which indicated shortcomings in the organization of the work of the customs guard, in particular in ensuring discipline and professional ethics. The most common types of violations were failure to comply with professional duties; violation of disciplinary requirements due to the low level of training of customs officers; insufficient level of control and internal supervision; abuse of alcoholic beverages, etc. The consequences of violations of disciplinary requirements by customs officers led to a decrease in the efficiency of customs structures and a loss of trust in state institutions among the local population.

THE FIGHT OF «THE DIRECTORATE OF CUSTOMS IN LVIV» WITH COUNTERFEITS (1920S)

Oleksandr DOBRZHANSKY — 2025-03-10

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to analyze the organizational measures and legal mechanisms that were used by the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» to counter the spread of counterfeit money in the 1920s. The study analyzes the role of state institutions, such as: customs authorities, in ensuring economic stability and protection of the national currency against counterfeiting. The research methodology involved the use of the following basic methods: historical – for the study of events and phenomena in their chronological development, restoration of the historical context of the activities of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» in the fight against counterfeiting; comparative – in order to compare the fight against counterfeiting in Lviv with similar processes in other regions of Poland, which made it possible to understand the peculiarities and effectiveness of the measures taken by the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv»; legal analysis of legislation and regulatory acts that regulated the fight against counterfeiters, as well as legal means used by customs authorities and courts during this period; socio-economic analysis to study the impact of counterfeiting on the economy of Poland and the general socio-economic condition in the 1920s; statistical analysis for the collection and processing of statistical data on the number of detained counterfeiters, the amount of seized counterfeit money and the effectiveness of countermeasures. The scientific novelty of the declared problem lies in the fact that the struggle of the «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» with counterfeiters has practically not been studied in Ukrainian historiography. Nevertheless, the coverage of such local topics makes it possible to fill the gaps in the study of socio-economic history in the 1920s. The study of the struggle of the customs structures of Poland with counterfeiters allows a deeper understanding of the economic problems that arose against the background of inflation and the unstable political situation at that time. The study of archival documents, orders, instructions, as well as specific cases of exposure of counterfeiters allows us to discover new aspects of the work of customs authorities in the period under study. In general, scientific novelty is based on a comprehensive analysis of the outlined topic using a wide range of archival sources, as well as the interpretation of this problem in the context of the socio-economic and political conditions of that time. Conclusions. In the post-war period, Central and Eastern Europe experienced economic and political instability, so the spread of counterfeit money became a serious problem for government institutions. «Directorate of Customs in Lviv» played an important role in detecting and neutralizing counterfeiting schemes. Thanks to cooperation with other state bodies (police, courts, banks), customs structures resisted the spread of counterfeit money across the borders of Poland. Various methods have been used to combat counterfeiters, including the inspection of goods and documents at customs, the use of special experts to identify counterfeit bills, and the introduction of tougher penalties for criminals. These measures made it possible to reduce the scale of counterfeiting in the region. Counterfeit money had a devastating effect on the local economy, contributed to the devaluation of the currency, and undermined citizens' confidence in the financial system. The government and customs authorities introduced strict measures to control the illegal circulation of counterfeit money. Although the fight against counterfeiting has been somewhat successful, thanks to the strengthening of customs control, there are still many challenges that have not been overcome.

FINANCIAL EXPENDITURES OF THE RUSSIAN OCCUPATION ADMINISTRATION OF THE TERNOPIL GOVERNANCE (1914–1916)

Ivan ZULYAK — 2025-03-10

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to analyze the structure, dynamics and nature of financial expenses of the occupation authorities of the Ternopil province in the specified period. As part of this study, an analysis of sources of funding, directions of use of funds is envisaged. Special attention is paid to issues of administrative, military and economic costs, as well as the use of financial resources in the conditions of the First World War. The research methodology is based on the definition of the main points of financial expenses of the occupation administration in the context of the military operations of the First World War, the analysis of volumes, directions and their impact on the socio-economic situation. Special attention is paid to budgetary expenses for the maintenance of the occupation civil administration of the Ternopil province. The historical-comparative method was used to analyze financial costs and overspending of state resources. The assessment of the impact of financial expenses on the socio-economic condition of the population of the province included an assessment of the standard of living, an analysis of how the occupation authorities financed their activities and which types of expenses were prioritized. Statistical analysis of data on the amount of financial receipts and expenses was used to assess the economic condition of the region under the conditions of occupation. The work combines the methods of social and economic history, which made it possible to better understand the interaction of various factors - military and socio-economic in the conditions of occupation. The scientific novelty of the declared topic is based on its insufficient coverage in Ukrainian historiography. The problems of financial expenses of the occupation administrations in the Ternopil province have not received enough attention from scientists until now. The study of the financial aspects of occupation during World War I is understudied compared to other aspects of the war, such as military action or political change. For the first time, archival materials that had not been used before were brought to scientific use in the research. A detailed analysis of the financial policy of the occupying power, including sources of financing, is innovative, allowing for a deeper understanding of the economic structure and financial situation in the occupied territories. Conclusions. The Russian occupation authorities in the Ternopil province during the First World War focused financial resources on supporting the civil administration. Financial costs for its maintenance absorbed a significant part of the budget, leaving insufficient resources for the development of infrastructure and social programs. A significant part of the financial expenses of the occupying power was directed to ensuring the maintenance of the bureaucratic apparatus in the Ternopil province, which contributed to inflation and destabilization of the economic system. The lack of a clear strategy for the management of financial resources led to the low efficiency of the use of budget funds and the inability to ensure the stable operation of local authorities. The analysis of the financial expenses of the occupation administration in the Ternopil province showed that the situation in the region had a certain specificity compared to other occupied territories. In particular, proximity to the front and large-scale hostilities led to a high level of expenses for the maintenance of the civil administration. The occupation regime contributed to the deepening of the socio-economic crisis in the Ternopil province, which had long-term consequences. After the end of the war, the region needed significant resources to rebuild because the occupation policy left behind a devastated economy and high levels of poverty.

PARLIAMENTARY ACTIVITY OF ROMAN YAROSEVYCH

Mykola KAZIUK — 2025-03-10

Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of the parliamentary activity of Roman Yarosevych, a political figure, who represented the interests of Ukrainians in Galicia within the Austrian Parliament. The study covers his role in legislative processes, speeches, and initiatives aimed at defending the rights of the Ukrainian community, criticizing election process violations and abuses by local authorities. The article's aims is to analyze Roman Yarosevych’s parliamentary activity, his speeches, initiatives, and their impact on the political climate of the time. Special attention is given to his speeches in parliament, where he opposed election process violations, violence, and abuses of power. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, scientific rigor, objectivity, and systematic analysis. General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and specialized historical methods (historical-genetic, historical-systematic) are used. Conclusions. The parliamentary activity of Roman Yarosevych had a significant impact on the political development of the Ukrainian movement in Galicia in the late 19th century. His speeches and initiatives in the Austrian Parliament demonstrate tireless efforts to defend Ukrainian interests and fight for political and social rights. Yarosevych consistently advocated for electoral system reform, opposed local authorities' abuses and violence, raised issues concerning the social and economic conditions of peasants, and actively supported the idea of national equality. His activity was accompanied by criticism of repressive government methods, election manipulations, and unfair treatment of Ukrainians. Yarosevych’s speeches reveal his commitment to democratic values, contributing to the growth of national awareness among the Ukrainian population.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE TERNOPIL INSTITUTE FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF EDUCATION IN THE REGION (1967–1969)

Volodymyr KITSAK — 2025-03-11

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of the Ternopil Institute for the Improvement of Teacher Qualifications on the development and improvement of the education system in the Ternopil region during 1967–1969. To investigate its influence on the professional development of teaching staff, the implementation of teaching methods and the organization of the educational process. Determine the role in increasing the professional competence of teachers and the impact on the quality of education in the region. Research methodology. The article uses historical-pedagogical, systematic and comparative methods. In particular, the historical-pedagogical method helps to consider the main stages of activity of the Ternopil Institute for the Improvement of Teacher Qualifications (hereinafter – TIUKV) during 1967–1969, to identify key aspects of its work during this period, as well as to follow changes in the educational processes of the region. The system method allows analyzing its activity as an integral component of the Soviet education system, which influenced its functioning in the region. The comparative method was used to evaluate the results of the TIUKV, comparing the level of qualifications of teachers and the effectiveness of the educational process before and after the training courses. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the identification and systematization of the influence of TIUKV on the educational process in the region during 1967–1969. A comprehensive analysis of the activity of the educational structure from the standpoint of the historical-pedagogical approach was carried out, which allows us to assess its contribution to improving the professional competence of teachers. The article reveals the main aspects of the interaction of TIUKV with local education authorities and teachers, which contributed to the development of innovative approaches in educational activities. Archival materials that have not been published before are involved in scientific use. Conclusions. TIUKV played a significant role in the development of education in the Ternopil region in 1967–1969.

FEATURES OF TEACHER TRAINING ACADEMIC YEAR AT THE TERNOPIL INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED TEACHER TRAINING (1949–1950)

Andriy KLISH — 2025-03-11

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to analyze the areas of work of the Ternopil Institute for the Improvement of Teacher Qualifications in the education functioning system of the region in the specified period. To determine the main forms of work with educators regarding their professional training. To single out the main trends in the development of teacher training courses, to emphasize their subordination and control to the Soviet authorities. The work of methodologists is singled out and their activity is evaluated. The importance and significance of the August and January meetings and their detailed analysis are emphasized. Qualitative and quantitative indicators of the growth of teaching staff are presented. The real state of education in the field of research methodology is outlined. A set of methods of scientific analysis was used, which allow to carry out a comprehensive and systematic review of the process of functioning of the Ternopil Institute for the Improvement of Teacher Qualifications. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the analysis of the work of teachers’ meetings at the regional level. The issue of non-attendance at educational institutions was comprehensively considered. Documents related to the work of methodologists were used. Examples and facts from the daily work of TIUKV are given. Conclusions. The information on the formation of TIUKV, the complexity of the process of improving the qualifications of teachers of the region in the form of a part-time system, which testified to its chaotic nature, was analyzed. In particular, lists of trainees were not submitted on time, on-the-ground training in district pedagogical offices, bush methodical associations in some places were of a formal nature. The main function of the Institute was to carry out professional training of teachers in the region and eliminate the need for educational personnel.

FORMATION AND ESTABLISHMENT AGATHANGEL KRYMSKYI AS A PERSONALITY, SCIENTIST AND SOCIAL WORKER

Tatyana LAVRIN — 2025-03-11

Abctract. The purpose of the article is to show the childhood and school years of Agathangel Krymskyi, his studies at the protogymnasium in Ostroh, at the Second Kyiv Gymnasium, at the Pavlo Galahan College in Kyiv; to trace the influence of the family environment, educational institutions and specialists who worked there and left a mark on A. Krymsky’s worldview, trips to Syria and Lebanon. The methodological basis of the work consists of the principles of objectivity and historicism and general scientific, special historical research methods. The scientific novelty consists in the inclusion of new sources and special literature in the scientific circulation, which allows for a comprehensive study of the process of formation and development of A. Krymskyi as an individual, scientist and public figure. The study of the problem made it possible to popularize the scientist’s name among scientists and the public. The result formed a new view of A. Krymsky’s scientific and social activities. Conclusions. Agathangel Krymskyi was born and raised among Ukrainian influences. Already in this period, the love for Ukraine and the desire to create for the enrichment of its culture are formed in the young man. The beautiful area, Ukrainian educational institutions and specialists in their field who worked there left a mark on the worldview of the young man. It was they who would later not allow A. Krymsky to russify during the long period of his life abroad. The connections established by the young historian at this time will continue in his old age and will allow him to be a part of the Ukrainian cause, to work for its good. They will force him to return to Ukraine and work in the field of its science. A trip to Syria and Lebanon had a special impact on the formation of an orientalist.

ATHEIST EDUCATION IN TERNOPIL TEACHER IMPROVEMENT INSTITUTE (EARLY 1960S – MID-1980S)

Mykola MOSKALYUK — 2025-03-11

Abstract. The purpose of the study: analysis and coverage of the process of atheistic education in the Ternopil Teacher Training Institute in the period from the early 1960s to the mid-1980s. The study is directed to the study of the main methods, means and forms of atheistic propaganda used in the institute, as well as their influence on the formation of the worldview of pedagogical personnel and public consciousness in the conditions of the USSR state policy aimed at spreading atheism and reducing the influence of religious institutions on the educational system. Research methodology. A set of methods of scientific analysis was used, which allow to carry out a comprehensive and systematic examination of the process of atheistic education in the Ternopil Institute for the Improvement of Teachers. In particular, a comparative- historical method for analyzing changes in approaches to atheistic education at various stages of its implementation, from the early 1960s to the mid-1980s. A systematic approach for a comprehensive review of the Institute’s influence on the formation of atheistic beliefs among teachers, taking into account the social – political and cultural circumstances. Analysis of documentary sources – the use of archival materials, orders, programs and reports of the Ternopil Institute for the Improvement of Teachers, related to the organization of atheist education. The method of content analysis for studying the content of educational programs, textbooks, methodical guides and other literature used for atheist education. The use of these methods makes it possible to obtain a holistic view of atheistic education in the Ternopil Teacher Training Institute, taking into account the context of the ideological situation in the USSR at the time. The scientific novelty of the study is that, for the first time in historiography, atheistic education is investigated within the framework of the activities of the Ternopil Institute for Teacher Improvement in the period from the 1960s to the mid-1980s. Conclusions. Atheist education at the Ternopil Teacher Training Institute in the period from the early 1960s to the mid-1980s became an integral part of the educational process aimed at forming the Soviet worldview in teachers, where atheism played a key role. This process was part of a wider policy of the Soviet state, the aim of which was to eradicate religious beliefs and strengthen atheistic views among the population through educational institutions. Atheist education at the institute had regional features associated with the traditionally high level of religiosity of the population of Western Ukraine, in particular the Ternopil Region. In this regard, it was necessary to apply special methods of combating religious influence in the region, in particular through work with local teachers, who were often themselves brought up in religious traditions. Although atheist propaganda had a certain influence on the formation of the worldview of teachers, religious beliefs continued to persist, especially among the population of rural regions. This indicated that religious traditions were deeply rooted and could not be easily eradicated even by intensive state propaganda.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION ON CHINA AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ORDER

Stanislav NAUMOV — 2025-03-11

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to analyze and explore the impact of the Soviet Union’s collapse on China and how this historical event influenced the global order. The methodology of the study involves a qualitative analysis of historical, political, and economic events. The approach combines historical contextualization, case study analysis, and theoretical frameworks to examine the impact of the Soviet Union’s collapse on China and the resulting shifts in the global order. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of how the Soviet Union’s collapse served as both a cautionary example and a strategic opportunity for China, shaping its unique approach to domestic stability and global influence. This intersection of historical, political, and economic analysis fills a gap in existing literature on the post-Cold War global order. Conclusions. It highlights China’s innovative adaptation of "socialism with Chinese characteristics," blending economic liberalization with political control to avoid the pitfalls that led to the USSR’s disintegration. Furthermore, the study underscores China’s pivotal role in fostering a multipolar world order through a combination of soft power diplomacy and economic initiatives, presenting an alternative model to Western hegemony.

CULTURAL WORK OF TITA REVAKOVYCH

Andriy ROMANCHUK — 2025-03-11

Abstract. The purpose of the article is Tit Revakovich’s popularization of Ukrainian culture and identity, preservation of traditions, promotion of spiritual revival, raising the level of education and spreading knowledge about the native language and literature, national history and art. Research methodology T. Revakovich’s cultural work is based on complex methodology and involves the use of the following research methods: historical-biographical - research of life and activity in the social and political conditions of that time, the formation of his cultural activity; comparative – study and comparison of his cultural work with other famous figures of the Ukrainian national revival; content analysis – involved the study of works, their contribution to the literary and journalistic heritage; sociocultural analysis – highlighting the influence of T. Revakovich’s cultural work on the formation of national consciousness; documentary – the processing of archival materials, correspondence, memoirs, etc., in which his connections with the National Academy of Sciences, «Prosvita» and other Ukrainian institutions are highlighted. Scientific novelty. The article systematizes the cultural activities of T. Revakovich in the context of social and political events and the Ukrainian cultural and educational movement of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The importance of his works in the progress of national culture is revealed. The contribution of T. Revakovich in preserving the identity and national self-awareness of Ukrainians is studied. Its influence on the development of cultural processes of the outlined period is evaluated. Conclusions. Its place and role in the development of Ukrainian culture in the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries are highlighted. Due to his active cultural work, T. Revakovich made a significant contribution to cultural preservation and dissemination. He combined traditional spiritual values with cultural and educational activities, popularizing Ukrainian culture among the general public.

UKRAINIAN SOCIETY OF CULTURAL RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND UKRAINIAN-CZECHOSLOVAK RELATIONS IN 1945–1953: BETWEEN CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AND TOTALITARIAN PROPAGANDA

Viktoriia FROLOVA — 2025-03-11

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to examine the main directions and content of the activity of the Ukrainian Society of Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries in the development of Ukrainian-Czechoslovak relations in 1945-1953 in terms of cultural diplomacy and its propaganda direction. The research is based on sources from the collections of the Ukrainian Society of Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (USCRFC) from the Central State Archive of the Higher Authorities and Administration of Ukraine, as well as the collection of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine of the Central State Archive of Public Associations and Ukrainians. The Research Methodology is based on comprehensive and systematic approaches, including the concept of cultural diplomacy and research the features of its manifestations in totalitarian, particularly Soviet, society. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the involvement of new sources and the application of new interpretative approaches to their understanding, highlighting a little-studied period in the history of relations between Ukraine and Czechoslovakia. Conclusions. The USCRFC played an important role in the development of Ukrainian/Soviet-Czechoslovak relations during 1945–1953, amid the establishment of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. From the beginning, the directions, content, and forms of the Society’s activities were subordinated to the Moscow center and the leadership of the Communist Party of Ukraine. The USCRFC simulated a public character and acted as a symbolic representation of the Ukrainian SSR and its population. The post-war stage of activity was marked by the lack of properly trained personnel and sufficient information about the affairs in Czechoslovakia, which caused the "failures" of the openly propagandistic work of the Ukrainian Communist Party of Ukraine. On the one hand, the Society’s activities contributed to the familiarization of Czechs and Slovaks with Ukraine and its culture; on the other hand, it had the character of totalitarian propaganda, which promoted and justified the non-alternativeness of the Soviet model in Czechoslovakia.

CASTLE ARCHITECTURE OF TERNOPIL REGION: MODERN UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

Yaroslav SHUL — 2025-03-11

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize scientific works devoted to the study of the castle architecture of Ternopil region, to clarify the main directions and stages of the development of historiography, the contribution of individual scientists and researchers, to identify the main problems and issues that remain insufficiently studied. The research methodology includes a comprehensive approach that includes the following basic methods: historical-genetic method for studying the process of formation and development of the castle architecture of Ternopil region in different historical periods, taking into account changes in styles and architectural forms; a historical-comparative method for comparing the features of the castle architecture of the Ternopil region with the castle architecture of other regions of Ukraine, which will allow to reveal the unique features of the local architectural heritage; analysis of sources and historiography for the systematization and assessment of historiographic works devoted to the castles of the Ternopil region, determination of key stages of study, methodological approaches and theoretical foundations; synthesis and generalization for the formulation of general conclusions regarding the main problems of the researched topic. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the author has for the first time carried out a comprehensive analysis of works devoted to the study of castle architecture of the Ternopil region, which allows us to clearly outline the main stages of research on this topic. Certain aspects that remain insufficiently studied have been identified. Prospective directions for further scientific research are outlined. Conclusions. A comprehensive review and analysis of scientific works devoted to the castle architecture of Ternopil Oblast was carried out. This made it possible to highlight the main stages of the development of historiography, key topics, research approaches and main scientific schools working on this topic. Those aspects that remain insufficiently studied in historiography have been identified, this creates a basis for further scientific research. The specific features of the castles of the Ternopil region, which distinguish them from fortifications in other regions of Ukraine, are highlighted. Their importance is emphasized not only as architectural monuments, but also as symbols of local identity, which have the potential for the development of tourism and the revival of the historical memory of the region.