ALTERNATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL TRENDS IN THE UKRAINIAN INTELLECTUAL SUBCULTURE OF THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES (BASED ON MEMOIR SOURCES FROM TERNOPIL)

Abstract

The article offers a consideration of alternative socio-cultural types for about half a century – the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries among the Ukrainian intelligentsia, which in itself was a subculture in the society of that time. The purpose of the article is to identify the main alternative trends (socio-cultural types, styles) among the Ukrainian intellectuals (intelligentsia) of Ternopil during an important period for both the national movement and the development of the city. Alternative socio-cultural styles of intellectuals were formed on the basis of their predecessors, in particular the romantics. Scientific novelty. Forthe first time, a comprehensive analysis of alternative socio-cultural trends has been carried out at the levelof a provincial county border town of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The regional dimension of the studyallows us to see how modernization trends and Ukrainian national revival manifested themselves in a specificlocal context. Based on memoir sources, the socio-cultural practices and lifestyles of the Ukrainian intelligentsia of Ternopil are reconstructed, and the mechanisms of forming an alternative environment through self-education, secret communities, and bohemian associations are shown. Little-known memoir evidence about theactivities of the secret student Hromada, the town’s theatrical life, and the types of nonconformist professorsare analyzed. Conclusions. The intellectual subculture (intelligentsia) of Ternopil, especially the professorial and student part, stood out in urban society as a kind of pass to socio-cultural nonconformism. There were sig-nificantly more manifestations of socio-cultural alternative among intellectuals than among other urban types.There were both types of “originals” and conscious representatives of the Ukrainian-loving trend and radical youth from secret self-education communities, theatrical, musical, and modernist literary bohemia. From populist Ukrainophilism and bohemianism, through radicalism, to nationalism, Modernism, and decadence, the boundary of socio-cultural alternatives ran through the course of life in the provincial administrative center of sub-Austrian Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.