FORMATION OF UKRAINIAN INTELLIGENTSIA IN THE GALYCHYNA IN THE SECOND HALF OF 19TH – FIRST DECADE OF 20TH CENTURY: SOCIAL BACKGROUND AND FAMILY UPBRINGING

Abstract

Formation of Ukrainian intelligentsia as a prominent social stratum was inspired by different factors, such as revolutions in East Central Europe in the middle of 19th century, constitutional reforms and decentralization in the Habsburg Monarchy in the second part of 19th century, multicultural nature of the territory and confrontation in Polish-Ukrainian relations. On the base of personal accounts, the given article presents the analysis of subjective factors, such as social background and specific aspects of upbringing, which had influenced the development of Ukrainian intelligentsia. It is found that during the study period the largest part of intelligentsia stratum representatives was origin from the families of priests and farmers. The main reason of this was the numerical superiority of the rural working people over the other social groups and the clergy over the secular intelligentsia. The certain study shows that upbringing patterns of intelligentsia were various and depended on social background and individual lifestyle of every family. Children who were born in the families of priests or intelligentsia had more opportunities to achieve better future. In the same time people belonged to families of farmers had to fight over social stereotypes, pecuniary burdens and adjust themselves with rules and requirements of another lifestyle. However, studies of people’s individual experience showed that social origin did not determine the future of the intelligentsia representatives, who could go beyond the social circle where they were born, because of education, talents, hard work and support of benefactors. Moreover, political, cultural, worldview, economical changes opened a wide range of opportunities of social mobility for them.