DEVELOPMENT OF A VIEW ON THE LINGUOCOGNITIVE NATURE OF METAPHOR

Abstract

The article examines the development of views on metaphor from classical rhetorical theories to modern cognitive-linguistic approaches. In particular, it explores Aristotle’s comparative concept, A. Richards and M. Black’s interaction theory, J. Searle’s pragmatic theory, linguistic theories, and the cognitive theory of G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. The study clarifies the influence of these theories on shaping the modern understanding of metaphor as a linguocognitive phenomenon. Aristotle’s comparative concept formed the basis of the classical definition of metaphor as the transfer of a name from one object or phenomenon to another based on their similarity. It views metaphor as a linguistic anomaly that distinguishes speech from everyday language. The interactionist approach aligns closely with the contemporary view of metaphor as a cognitive phenomenon, considering metaphor a pervasive feature of everyday speech. According to this approach, metaphor primarily exists in thought, which then produces metaphors in speech. The pragmatic theory emphasizes the importance of context and communicative intent in interpreting metaphorical expressions. In analyzing linguistic studies on metaphor, three main perspectives have been identified: metaphor as a mode of word meaning, as a phenomenon of syntactic semantics, and as a means of transmitting meaning in a communicative act. The cognitive theory views metaphor not only as a linguistic phenomenon but also as a cognitive mechanism that structures human perception of the world. The impact of the cognitive approach on understanding metaphor’s nature is evident in its treatment as a mental operation that organizes abstract concepts through more concrete domains of experience. This perspective shifts the traditional understanding of metaphor as merely a rhetorical device, highlighting its fundamental role in cognitive processes. As a result, metaphor is no longer perceived solely as a linguistic tool but as a phenomenon that permeates all aspects of human cognitive activity. The theoretical concepts analyzed in the article have significantly influenced the formation of the modern view of metaphor as a universal cognitive mechanism. They allow metaphor to be considered not just a linguistic unit but a crucial element of conceptual knowledge organization, playing a decisive role in cognition and communication.